Sources & References
Our benchmarks are currently based on industry reference data from the sources listed below. We've used AI to systematically collect, cross-reference, and compile this data into age-appropriate benchmarks. We believe in full transparency — here's exactly where our numbers come from.
As more coaches and players enter measurements in CoachBall, we'll progressively replace reference data with aggregated live data for each sport, metric, and age group.
Rapsodo Data Guides
Rapsodo has collected data from millions of pitches and hits to develop comprehensive averages-by-age guides for baseball and softball.
Rapsodo — Baseball Hitting Averages by Age Data Guide
Exit velocity medians by age group, split by session type (Tee, Soft Toss, Live/BP). Based on millions of hits recorded with Rapsodo technology.
Rapsodo — Baseball Pitching Averages by Age
Pitch velocity averages by age group from 10U through professional, based on millions of pitches recorded with Rapsodo.
Rapsodo — Baseball Hitting Averages by Age
Exit velocity and launch angle data by age group from 10U through professional.
Rapsodo — Softball Pitching Averages by Age Guide
Average fastball velocity by age for softball pitchers, split by throwing hand (RH/LH). Includes elite averages.
Rapsodo — Softball Hitting Averages by Age Guide
Exit velocity averages by age for softball hitters, split by session type and throwing hand.
Rapsodo Articles & Blog Posts
Supporting articles from Rapsodo with additional context on velocity development and benchmarking.
Rapsodo — Pitching Harder & Smarter: What Every Pitcher Should Know About Velocity & Release Angle
Average and elite fastball velocities by age for softball pitchers, with context on velocity development.
Rapsodo — The Ultimate Guide to Baselines and Benchmarking
How to use Rapsodo data for player development benchmarking across age groups.
Driveline Baseball
Driveline Baseball is a leading player development organization with extensive velocity and biomechanics data from their training academy.
Driveline Baseball — Youth Baseball Player Development: Velocity Aging Curves
Median pitch velocity and exit velocity by age from the Driveline academy dataset, with aging curves and development context.
Driveline Baseball — Youth Baseball Pitching Mechanics Analysis Across Age Groups
Distribution of pitch velocity, bat speed, and exit velocity across age groups with developmental analysis.
Peer-Reviewed & Academic Research
Published scientific studies on youth baseball pitching velocity, biomechanics, and player development.
Axe et al. (2014) — A Speed Distance-Based Classification System for Injury Prevention and Research in International and Domestic Youth Baseball Players
Peer-reviewed study with mean maximum pitch speed data for USA and international youth pitchers by age group.
Lesniak et al. (2015) — Throwing Velocity in Youth and Adolescent Pitchers
Preseason dual-orthogonal high-speed video analysis with radar gun velocity measurements for youth and adolescent pitchers.
Perfecting Your Pitch — VU Amsterdam Dissertation
Academic dissertation on elite youth baseball pitching performance, including pitch speed data for ages around 15 years.
Compare your player
See how your players stack up against these benchmarks. Track progress over time and get percentiles with CoachBall.